Environmental Health & Safety

School of Medicine Researcher

Animal Worker Occupational Health

Animal research involves a diverse range of hazards, some that pertain to animals, and others are a result of the work being performed. University personnel working in animal care and use environments must receive hazard awareness training, review all pertinent occupational health information, and follow safe and healthy practices. 

Zoonotic Disease Information by Species

  • Amphibians
    Amphibians

    Potential Zoonotic Diseases for Amphibians

    The overall incidence of transmission of disease-producing agents from amphibians to humans is low. There are, however, a few agents that are found in amphibians and aquarium water that have the potential to be transmitted. In general, humans acquire these diseases through ingestion of infected tissues or aquarium water, or by contamination of lacerated or abraded skin. Exotic amphibians can produce highly dangerous skin secretions, and should be labeled as such and handled with protective gloves. An important feature of many of these organisms is their opportunistic nature. The development of disease in the human host often requires a preexisting state that compromises the immune system. If you have an immune-compromising medical condition, or you are taking medications that impair your immune system (steroids, immunosuppressive drugs, or chemotherapy), you are at risk for contracting diseases and should consult your physician. The following is a list of potential amphibian zoonoses. 

    Salmonella: This bacterium inhabits the intestinal tract of many animals and humans. Salmonella occurs worldwide and is easily transmitted through ingestion, either direct or indirect. Common symptoms of the illness are acute gastroenteritis with sudden onset of abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea and fever. Antibiotic treatment is standard treatment for the illness. 

    Sparganosis: While unlikely in this area, amphibians can become intermediate hosts to the pseudophyllidean cestode of the genus Spirometra. Disease in man is primarily caused by ingestion of meat or contaminated water. Contact with the muscles of infected frogs is also considered a mode of transmission. Common symptoms include a nodular lesion (bump) that develops slowly and can be found on any part of the body. The main symptom is itching, sometimes accompanied by urticarial rash. Human sparganosis can be prevented by avoiding ingestion of contaminated water and meat, and avoiding direct contact with infected muscles. 

    Other Diseases:  Escherichia coli and Edwardsiella tarda are additional zoonotic organisms that have been documented in amphibians. Human infections are typically acquired through wound contamination or ingestion of contaminated water resulting in gastroenteritis type symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

    Allergic Reactions to Amphibians: Human sensitivity to amphibian proteins in the laboratory setting is rare. It remains possible, however, to become sensitized to amphibian proteins through inhalation or skin contact. You are strongly advised to contact the Occupational Health Director at 951-827-5528 to discuss this issue and arrange for follow-up with an occupational health physician.

    Seek Medical Attention Promptly: If you are injured on the job, promptly report the accident to your supervisor even if it seems relatively minor. Minor cuts and abrasions should be immediately cleansed with antibacterial soap and then protected from exposure to animals and their housing materials.  

    For more serious injuries seek medical services through Workers Compensation.

    For treatment locations:

    References: http://dels-old.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/48_3/pdfs/4803Alworth.pdf

    Revised 08/2025. Information taken from UC Davis.

    SpeciesBiological Hazard/PathogenRoute of TransmissionClinical SymptomsPrevention/ProphylaxisMedical Surveillance RequiredRisks for Exposure at UCR
    AmphibiansAeromonas hydrophilaContamination through wounds or various traumasDiarrhea, slight fever, abdominal pains, blood and mucus in feces, weight loss, dehydration, cellulitisClean and disinfect wounds, personal hygiene, PPE NoTBD based on hazard assessment 
    AmphibiansCampylobacteriosisFecal, contaminated food and waterDiarrhea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, visible or occult blood, headache, muscle and joint painPersonal hygiene and PPENoTBD based on hazard assessment 
    AmphibiansEscherichia coliFecal, contaminated food and waterDiarrhea, abdominal pains, fever, vomiting, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, azotemia, thrombosis in terminal arterioles and capillariesPersonal hygiene and PPENoTBD based on hazard assessment 
    AmphibiansKlebsiella sppsDirect contact, handling Pneumonia, UTI, nosocomial infection, and septicemiaPersonal hygiene and PPENoTBD based on hazard assessment 
    AmphibiansMycobacterium ulceransHandling infected animalsInfections start as erythematous nodules on the extremities and gradually become large, indolent ulcers with necrotic basePersonal hygiene and PPENoTBD based on hazard assessment 
    AmphibiansPentastosomiasisFecal/oral, contaminated food and waterProstatitis, ocular infection, acute abdomen, lacrimation, nasal discharge, dyspnea, dysphagia, vomiting, headaches, photophobia, exophthalmiaPersonal hygiene and PPENoTBD based on hazard assessment 
    AmphibiansSalmonellosisFecal/oral, contaminated food and waterDiarrhea, vomiting, low grade feverPersonal hygiene and PPENoTBD based on hazard assessment 
    AmphibiansSparganosisContaminated food and waterPruritus, urticaria. Ocular sparganosis consist of painful edema of eyelids with lacrimation and pruritusPersonal hygiene and PPENoTBD based on hazard assessment 
    AmphibiansBurkholderia pseudomalleiContaminated soil and surface water and contact with contaminated woundsLocalized skin infection, pulmonary infections and acute blood stream infectionsWearing boots in agricultural situations, Universal precautions in hospitals/care facilities and PPE personal hygieneNoTBD based on hazard assessment 
  • Bats

    Additional information to come.

  • Birds
    Bird sitting on a tree branch

    Potential Zoonotic Diseases for Birds

    Birds can carry organisms that may be potentially infectious to humans. Bird colonies in the laboratory setting are normally closely managed to produce high quality, healthy animal models. The likelihood of a person contracting a disease from a bird is very low. However, there is always a risk of an outbreak occurring within a colony, either from a new bird being introduced into an established colony or from individuals inadvertently contaminating a colony by wearing shoes or clothing that have been in contact with asymptomatic disease-carrying birds. A disease, such as psittacosis, is infectious both to other birds and to people. Therefore, an outbreak within a colony could significantly increase the risk of human exposure. 

    Psittacosis (Ornithosis, Chlamydiosis): Psittacosis is a disease caused by the bacteria, Chlamydia psittaci. Psittacosis is common in wild birds of all types and can occur in laboratory bird colonies as well.  The reservoir/source of infection to people is infected birds, especially ones displaying symptoms (diarrhea, respiratory signs, conjunctivitis and nasal discharge.)  This disease is highly contagious to other birds as well as humans.  Transmission may be through direct contact or from aerosolization with exudative materials (e.g. pus), secretions or feces. Direct contact with the bird is not necessary.  In people, the disease occurs 7-14 days after exposure. An infected human may develop a respiratory illness of varying severity, from flu-like symptoms in mild cases to pneumonia in more significant infections. Serious cases can result in extensive interstitial pneumonia and rarely hepatitis, myocarditis, thrombophlebitis, and encephalitis. It is responsive to antibiotic therapy. Relapses occur in untreated infections. 

    Salmonellosis:  Salmonellosis is a disease caused by the bacteria species Salmonella. It is one of the most common zoonotic diseases in humans.  Birds and reptiles (especially iguanas) are the animals most frequently associated with Salmonella.  Most people typically contract the disease by consuming food or water contaminated with the bacteria. Symptoms include diarrhea (usually watery, and occasionally bloody), nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, and abdominal cramps. If the bacteria leaves the blood stream and enters the central nervous system, meningitis/encephalitis may develop. Salmonellosis is a very serious disease in humans, especially for young children and people with compromised immune systems. 

    Newcastle disease and Avian Tuberculosis:  Newcastle disease is a serious and fatal viral disease in avian species. Affected birds may demonstrate neurological signs that progress to death. Definitive diagnosis is through viral isolation of the organism. The disease is quite contagious among birds and has zoonotic potential that often may go unrecognized. Clinical signs in people most commonly involve a mild conjunctivitis, which is self-limiting. Mycobacterium avian (and possibly other species) is a causative agent of tuberculosis. Affected birds may carry the disease for years, and intermittently shed organisms.  Humans are more commonly infected with M. tuberculosis and occasionally M. bovis. It is believed that immunocompetent humans are resistant to the strains of tuberculosis found in birds, but immunocompromised people, such as those infected with HIV, those on chemotherapy, the elderly and children, are at increased risk. In adults, tuberculosis frequently affects the lungs, producing respiratory signs.  People who are infected with human tuberculosis should not own birds since they can serve as a source of infection for their pets. 

    Allergic Reaction to Birds: Various bird proteins have been identified as sources of antigens involved in both allergic reactions and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a lung condition with symptoms that mimic pneumonia. Symptoms develop after repeated exposure to a specific antigen.  Signs of an allergic reaction after exposure to birds are rhinitis and asthma symptoms (wheezing and dry cough). Signs and symptoms of both allergic reactions and hypersensitivity pneumonitis usually occur several hours after exposure. To reduce exposure, perform procedures in a laminar flow hood whenever possible.  If you have symptoms you are strongly advised to contact the Occupational Health Director at 951-827-5528 to discuss this issue and arrange for follow-up with an occupational health physician.

    How to Protect Yourself

    Wash your hands. The single most effective preventative measure that can be taken is thorough, regular hand washing. Wash hands and arms after handling birds, their cages and their water. Never smoke, drink, or eat in the animal rooms or before washing your hands. 

    Wear Personal Protective equipment. If you handle birds select the appropriate gloves for the job, and when in close contact with birds of unknown origin wear respiratory protection. For more information please contact the Occupational Health Director at 951-827-5528 or visit the website for more information. 

    Tell your physician you work with birds. Whenever you are ill, even if you're not certain that the illness is work-related, always mention to your physician that you work with birds. Many zoonotic diseases have flu-like symptoms and would not normally be suspected. Your physician needs this information to make an accurate diagnosis. Questions regarding personal human health should be answered by your physician.  

    Seek Medical Attention Promptly. If you are injured on the job, promptly report the accident to your supervisor even if it seems relatively minor. Minor cuts and abrasions should be immediately cleansed with antibacterial soap and then protected from exposure to birds. For more serious injuries seek medical services through Workers Compensation.

    For treatment locations:

    SpeciesBiological Hazard/PathogenRoute of TransmissionClinical SymptomsPrevention/ProphylaxisMedical Surveillance RequiredRisks for Exposure at UCR
    BirdsCampylobacteriosisFecal/Oral from contaminated food and waterDiarrhea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain,  visible or occult blood, headache, muscle and joint painPersonal hygiene or PPENoTBD based on hazard assessment 
    BirdsNewcastle disease virusContact with animal, inhalation of aerosolsCongestion, lacrimation, pain, swelling of subconjunctival tissues, slightly elevated temperatures, chills, pharyngitisPersonal hygiene, use of respiratorNoTBD based on hazard assessment 
    BirdsPsittacosisAirborne or direct contactRespiratory symptomsScreening of bird flocks.  Very transmissible, use PPE, personal hygieneNoTBD based on hazard assessment 
    BirdsSalmonellosisFecal/Oral, contaminated food and waterDiarrhea, vomiting, low grade feverPersonal hygieneNoTBD based on hazard assessment 

    Revised 08/2025. Information taken from UC Davis.

  • Cats
    An orange cat stretching.

    Potential Injury and Zoonotic Diseases for Cats

    Cats are generally social animals and respond well to frequent, gentle human contact, however, any cat can become agitated when being restrained for procedures.  Due to the penetrating nature of their bites, cats can inflict serious bite wounds and prompt first-aid is particularly important when dealing with such injuries. Cat bites should be reported to the supervisor and EH&S via the online incident form (link opens in a new window). Scratches are also a hazard when dealing with cats. It is essential that training be provided to all employees who handle cats in order to avoid injury. The following is a list of potential zoonotic diseases associated with cats. 

    Cat Scratch Disease: Caused by bite, scratch, or lick of a cat. Casual agent of the disease is not clearly defined. The disease is benign and heals spontaneously (from 7 to 20) days after symptoms appear and is characterized by regional lymphadenopathy (swollen glands) along with signs of a mild systemic infection consisting of fever, chills, generalized pain, and malaise.

    Toxoplasmosis: A protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii has its complete life cycle only in cats, which are the only source of infective oocysts. Other mammals (including people) may become intermediate hosts. It takes at least 24 hours for oocysts shed in the feces to become infective, so removal of fresh feces daily reduces the risk of acquiring infection. Toxoplasmosis in people resembles mild flu-like symptoms unless immune suppressed (in some individuals it may cause ocular and neurological disease). Infection in a previously uninfected pregnant woman can result in prenatal infection of the developing fetus, which can cause birth defects. Should an accidental mucosal or needle stick exposure occur, medical services should be obtained through Workers Compensation (link opens in a new tab). For treatment locations visit: Medical Treatment Facilities (link opens in a new tab).

    Ringworm: Dermatophyte infection (most commonly Microsporum spp. and Trichophyton spp.) is commonly known as ringworm because of the characteristic circular lesion often associated with it. Dermatophytes are classified as fungi and may not be readily apparent. Disease in people is from direct contact with an infected animal. Ringworm is usually self-limiting and appears as circular, reddened, rough skin. It is responsible to prescription topical therapy. 

    Pasteurella multocida: This bacterium resides in the oral cavity or upper respiratory tracts of cats. Human infection is generally associated with a bite or scratch. Human infection generally appears as local inflammation around the bite or scratch, possibly leading to abscess formation with systemic symptoms. 

    Rabies: Rabies virus (rhabdovirus) can infect almost any mammal. The source of infection to people is an infected animal.  The virus is shed in saliva 1-14 days before clinical symptoms develop. Any random-source (animal with an unknown clinical history) or wild animal exhibiting central nervous system signs that are progressive should be considered suspect for rabies. Transmission is through direct contact with saliva, mucus membranes, or blood, e.g. bite, or saliva on an open wound. The incubation period is from 2 to 8 weeks, possibly longer.  Symptoms are pain at the site of the bite followed by numbness. The skin becomes quite sensitive to temperature changes and laryngeal spasms are present. Muscle spasms, extreme excitability, and convulsions occur. Rabies in unvaccinated people is almost invariably fatal.  Rabies vaccine is available through Occupational Health Services for laboratory workers who may be repeatedly exposed to the rabies virus.  Please contact the Occupational Health at (951) 827-5528.

    Other Diseases: There are several other diseases that can be possibly spread through working with cats. Cryptosporidia, Giardia, and Campylobacter are transmitted via the fecal/oral route. These diseases in people are exhibited by acute gastrointestinal illness; diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and fever. Clinical signs are generally brief and self-limiting. 

    Allergic Reactions to Cats: Allergies to cat fur and dander are well documented. The major allergen in a cat is a protein that is produced in the sebaceous glands of the skin, which coats the hair shafts. This protein is also found in the saliva of cats. If you have symptoms you are strongly advised to contact Occupational Health at (951) 827-5528 to discuss this issue and arrange for follow-up with an occupational health physician. 

    Tell your physician you work with cats. Whenever you are ill, even if you are not certain that the illness is work-related, always mention to your physician that you work with cats. Many zoonotic diseases have flu-like symptoms and would not normally be suspected. Your physician needs this information to make an accurate diagnosis. Questions regarding personal human health should be answered by your physician. 

    SpeciesBiological Hazard/PathogenRoute of TransmissionClinical SymptomsPrevention/ProphylaxisMedical Surveillance RequiredRisks for Exposure at UCRReference
    CatsAfipia felisScratch, bite or licking.Localized lymph glad swelling, fever, chills, anorexia, malaise, generalized pain vomiting, stomach cramps.Avoid cat scratches and bites, cut cat's nails, wash and disinfect any scratch or bite, wash hands after petting or handling a cat.NoTBDJ Clin Microbiol. 1998 Sep;36(9):249 9-502
    CatsBartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae- Cat Scratch FeverFleas, bite, scratch.Fever, weight loss, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, lymphadenopathy, muscle and joint pains, headache, meningism, photophobia.Control cat fleas, treat infected cats with antibiotics, any wound inflicted by cat should be promptly washed with soap/water. Seek medical care for all bites.NoTBDPAHO zoonoses
    CatsBergeyellla (Weeksella) zoohelcumBite.CellulitisPPE.NoTBDJ Clin Microbiol. 2004 Jan;42(1):290-3.
    CatsBrucella suisContact with animals and newborn animals, ingestion of animal products, inhalation of airbone agents, contaminated food and water.Fever, chills, profuse sweating, weakness, insomnia, sexual impotence, constipation, anorexia, headache, arthralgia, general malaise, irritation, nervousness, depression.Personal hygiene, use of protective clothes, and disinfectants.NoTBDPAHO zoonosess 42-43; also negative PubMed central
    CatsCampylobacteriosisFecal, contaminated food and water.Diarrhea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain,  visible or occult blood, headache, muscle and joint pain.Personal hygiene, PPE.NoTBD 
    CatsCapnocytophaga canimorsusBite.Meningitis, endocarditis, septic arthritis, gangrene, disseminated intravascular coagulation, keratitis.Irrigation with water, clean with soap and water. Medically treat all bites.NoTBD 
    CatsChlamydia psittaci (feline strain)Inhalation of airborne agent; humans and wild animals contract infection through birds.Fever, chills, sweating, myalgia, loss of appetite, headaches, weakness, coughing, enlargement of liver and spleen, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, insomnia, disorientation, mental depression, deliriumUse of PPE.NoTBD 
    CatsCowpoxScratch, bite.Lesions occur on hands, sometimes face and arms. Fever, local edema, lymphadenitis.Avoid contact with sick animal, vaccinia MVA strain.No TBD 
    CatsCutaneous larva migransContact with contaminated soil.Intense pruritis, lesions to skin exposed to contaminated soil.Regular treatment of animal, removal of feces twice a week reduces contamination. Areas susceptible to contamination should be kept dry, clean, and free of vegetation.No TBD 
    CatsDermatophytosisContact with animal, spores contained in the hair dermal scales.Acute inflammatory lesions.Avoid contact with sick animal, isolate animal and treat with topical antimycotics or griseofulvin administered orally. Remains of hairs and scales should be burned and rooms, stables, and all utensils should be disinfected.No TBD 
    CatsDipylidium caninumIngestion of flea.Diarrhea, colic, irritability, erratic appetite, insomnia.Eliminate fleas and cestodes from animal.NoTBD 
    CatsLeptospirosisSkin abrasions and the nasal, oral, and conjunctival mucosa, contaminated water and foods.Fever, headache, myalgias, conjunctivitis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, prostration, petechiae on the skin, hemorrhages in the gastrointestinal tract, proteinuria, hepatomegaly and jaundice, renal insufficiency with marked oliguria or anuria, azotemia, electrolyte imbalance, stiffness of neck.Personal hygiene, use of protective clothes.NoTBD 
    CatsPasteurella multocidaScratch, bite,Diseases of respiratory system, localized infections in different organs and tissues.Measures to reduce likelihood of bites. Medical treatment for all bites.NoTBD 
    CatsPlagueFlea bite, skin abrasions or bites,Fever, chills, cephalalgia, nausea, generalized pain, diarrhea, constipation, toxemia, shock, arterial hypotension, rapid pulse, anxiety, staggering gait, slurred speech, mental confusion, prostration.Flea and rodent control, inactivated vaccine.NoTBD 
    CatsQ-feverAerosols from birthing by-products, dust, leather, wool, tick bite.Fever, chills, profuse sweating, malaise, anorexia, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, cephalalgia, retroorbital pain, slight cough, mild expectoration, chest pain.Vaccine (Not available in USA).Q-fever titer.TBD 
    CatsRabiesBite, contact with infected tissue or body fluids.Fever, headache, agitation, confusion, excessive salivation.Avoid contact with wild animal, use appropriate PPE.Rabies vaccine.Known in wild animals, none in Lab animals. 
    CatsSalmonellosisFecal/Oral, contaminated food and water.Diarrhea, vomiting, low grade fever.Personal hygiene.NoTBD 
    CatsScabiesClose contact.Irritation, pruritis, itching.Wear protective clothing, gloves and high boots of a material that mites cannot penetrate.NoTBD 
    CatsSporothrix schenckiiContact through a cutaneous lesion, inhalation of fungs.Nodule or pustule at point where broken skin allowed inoculation, cough, expectoration, dyspnea, pleuritic pain, hemoptysis, weight loss, fatigue, slight rise in body temperature.Wear protective clothing, use gloves to handle animal with cutaneous lesions.NoTBD 
    CatsToxoplasmosisIngestion of oocysts from hands, or food or water contaminated with feces of infected animal.Mild fever, persistent lymphadenopathy in one or more lymph nodes, asthenia, cephalalgia, lethargy, facial paralysis, hemiplegia, coma, weakness.  Potential birth defects.Personal hygiene, PPE. Use respirator or avoid cleaning litter boxes if pregnant.NoYes fecal material; lab procedures. 
    CatsVisceral larva migransIngestion of larva from contaminated hands, or food or water.Eosinophilia, fever, asthenia, digestive symptoms, abdominal pain.Personal hygiene, PPE.NoFecal/oral ingestion. 
    CatsYersinia pseudotuberculosisFecal/Oral, contaminated food and waterMesenteric adentis or pseudoappendicitis, acute abdominal pain in the right iliac fossa, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, pyrexia, rashes, nausea.Personal hygiene, PPE.NoTBD 

     

    References: 

    Fox JG, Cohen BJ, Loew FM, eds. Laboratory Animal Medicine. Academic Press, Orlando, 1984, p 621. Schwabe CW. Veterinary Medicine and Human Health, 3rd edition. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1984, pp 352-362. 

    Willard MD, et al. Gastrointestinal zoonoses. Small Animal Practice, 1987.

    17:152-155. Schwabe CW. Veterinary Medicine and Human Health, 3rd edition. Williams  and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1984, p 615. Fox JG. Campylobacteriosis - a "new" disease in laboratory animals. Laboratory Animal Science, 1982, 32:615-637.

    Rohrbach BW. Tularemia. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Aug 15, 1988, 193:4. Steel JH, ed. CRC Handbook Series in Zoonoses, Section A, Volume II. CRC Press, Bola Raton, Florida, 1980, pp 161-193. Mandell GL, ed. Infectious Diseases, Volume 2. Churchill Livingstone, Inc., 1995, pp 2060-2068.

    Bernard KW, et al. Q Fever control measures: recommendations for research facilities using sheep. Infection Control, 1982, 3(6):461-465. Fox JO, Cohen BJ, Loew FM, eds. Laboratory Animal Medicine. Academic Press, Orlando, 1984, pp 622-623. Grant CG, et al. Q Fever and experimental sheep. Infection Control, 1985, 6(3):122-123

    Revised 10/2025. Information taken from UC Davis.

  • Fish
    Fish in aquarium

    Potential Zoonotic Diseases for Fish

     Aside from food poisonings, the overall incidence of transmission of disease-producing agents from fish to humans is low. There are, however, a number of agents that are found in fish and aquarium water that have the potential to be transmitted to humans. In general, humans contract fish borne disease through ingestion of infected fish tissues or aquarium water or by contamination of lacerated or abraded skin. An important feature of many of the disease causing agents is their opportunistic nature. The development of disease in the human host often requires a preexisting state that compromises the immune system. If you have an immune-compromising medical condition or you are taking medications that impair your immune system (steroids, immunosuppressive drugs, or chemotherapy), you are at-risk for contracting a fish borne disease and should consult your physician. The following is a list of known and potential fish borne zoonoses. 

    Mycobacterium: Organisms in the genus Mycobacterium are non-motile, acid-fast rods. Two species, M. fortuitum and M. marinum, are recognized as pathogens of tropical fish. Humans are typically infected by contamination of lacerated or abraded skin with aquarium water or fish contact. A localized granulomatous nodule (hard bump) may form at the site of infection, most commonly on hands or fingers. The granulomas usually appear approximately 6-8 weeks after exposure to the organism. They initially appear as reddish bumps (papules) that slowly enlarge into purplish nodules. The infection can spread to nearby lymph nodes. More disseminated forms of the disease are likely in immunocompromised individuals. It is possible for these species of mycobacterium to cause some degree of positive reaction to the tuberculin skin test.

    Aeromonas spp.: Aeromonad organisms are facultative anaerobic, gram-negative rods. These organisms can produce septicemia (a severe generalized illness) in infected fish. The species most commonly isolated is A. hydrophilia. It is found world wide in tropical fresh water and is considered part of the normal intestinal microflora of healthy fish. Humans infected with Aeromonas may show a variety of clinical signs, but the two most common syndromes are gastroenteritis (nausea, vomiting and diarrhea) and localized wound infections. Again, infections are more common and serious in the immunocompromised individual.

    Other Bacteria and Protozoa: Below is a list of additional zoonotic organisms that have been documented in fish or aquarium water. Human infections are typically acquired through ingestion of contaminated water (resulting in gastroenteritis symptoms) or from wound contamination. 

    Gram-negative Organisms: Plesiomonas shigelloides, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Edwardsiella tarda
    Gram-positive Organisms: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Clostridium, Erysipelothrix, Nocardia
    Protozoa: Cryptosporidium

    Allergic Reactions to Fish: Human sensitivity to fish proteins in the laboratory setting is rare. It remains possible, however, to become sensitized to fish proteins through inhalation or skin contact. If you have symptoms you are strongly advised to contact the Occupational Health Director at ehsocchealth@ucr.edu  to discuss this issue and arrange for follow-up with an occupational health physician.

    SpeciesBiological Hazard/PathogenRoute of TransmissionClinical SymptomsPrevention/ProphylaxisMedical Surveillance RequiredRisk for Exposure at UCR
    FishAeoromonas (link opens in a new tab)Fecal/oral contact with fish waterGastrointestinal disorder (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)Personal hygiene, PPENoYes
    FishErysipelothrix rhusiopathiaeContact with animal and animal products through wounds and skin abrasionsArthritis in the finger joints, burning sensation, pulsating pain, intense pruritusPersonal hygiene, PPE, proper treatment of woundsNoYes
    FishSalmonellosis (link opens in a new tab)Fecal/Oral, contaminated food and waterDiarrhea, vomiting, low grade feverPersonal hygieneNoYes
    FishMycobacterium  (link opens in a new tab)Contact with animal and animal products through wounds and skin abrasionsThe most frequent sign is a slowly developing nodule (raised bump) at the site the bacteria entered the body. Frequently, the nodule is on the hand or upper arm. Later the nodule can become an enlarging sore (an ulcer). Swelling of nearby lymph nodes occurs.PPE, Review Mycobacterium Post-Exposure Plan (PEP)NoYes 

    References: 

    Louis J. DeTolla, S. Srinivas, Brent R. Whitaker, Christopher Andrews,  Bruce Hecker, Andrew S. Kane  and Renate Reimschuessel.  Guidelines for the Care and Use of Fish in Research ILAR J (1995) 37(4): 159-173 doi:10.1093/ilar.37.4.1  (link opens in a new tab).

    Microbial Presence:

    Thune, R. L., L. A. Stanley, R. K. Cooper.  1993.  Pathogenesis of Gram-negative bacterial infections in warmwater fish (link opens in a new page).  Annual Review of Fish Diseases 3:37-68.

    Transgenic and Laboratory Fishes:

    Hallerman, E. M. and A. R. Kapuscinski.  1995.  Incorporating risk assessment and risk management into public policies on genetically modified finfish and shellfish.  Aquaculture 137:9-17.

    Hashish E, Merwad A, Elgaml S, Amer A, Kamal H, Elsadek A, Marei A, Sitohy M. Mycobacterium marinum infection in fish and man: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management; a review. Vet Q. 2018;38:35–46. doi:10.1080/01652176.2018.1447171 (link opens in a new tab).

    Ostrander, G.K.  2000.  The Laboratory Fish.  Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

    Warmbrodt, R.D. and V. Stone.  1993.  Transgenic fish research: a bibliography (link opens in a new tab).  National Agriculture Library.  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD.

    Winn, R.  2001.  Transgenic fish as models in environmental toxicology.  Institute for Laboratory Animal Research 43:322-329.

    Revised 07/2025. Information taken from UC Davis. 

  • Rabbits

    Additional information to come.

  • Reptiles

    Additional information to come.

  • Rodents (Rat, Mouse, Guinea Pig, Hamster)

    Additional information to come.

Zoonotic Disease Information

  • Botulism

    The Exposure Response Plan for Laboratory Handling of Botulinum Toxin Type A provides comprehensive guidance for the safe handling, containment, and emergency response procedures associated with the use of Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) in research and laboratory settings. This plan outlines potential exposure routes, clinical symptoms, immediate response actions, and medical management, including coordination with public health authorities for antitoxin access. It also defines reporting requirements, personal protective equipment standards, and decontamination protocols to ensure compliance with institutional biosafety policies and federal regulations.

    Exposure Response Plan for Laboratory Handling of Botulinum Toxin Type A (link opens in a new tab)

  • Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

    Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a respiratory disease caused by a virus known as Sin Nombre Virus.

    The virus is carried by wild rodents, especially deer mice. The virus produces no clinical signs in the deer mice, but can produce a deadly infection in man - over 50% of human cases have been fatal.

    What is Hantavirus?

    Hantavirus is a serious and potentially fatal illness transmitted by infected rodents. Humans can become infected through:

    • Inhaling dust contaminated with rodent urine, droppings, or saliva 
    • Direct contact with rodent bodily fluids 
    • (Rarely) through rodent bites 

    While dogs and cats are not direct carriers, they may inadvertently expose humans to infected rodents. 

    Hantavirus
     
    Primary Carrier in California: 

    Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) 

    • Size: Comparable to a house mouse 
    • Color: Pale gray to reddish-brown with a white belly and feet 
    • Tail: Bi-colored and slightly shorter than the body 
    • Habitat: Found in forests, grasslands, chaparral, and brushy areas throughout California 
    Who’s at Risk at UCR? 
    • Field researchers or students handling or trapping wild rodents 
    • Staff cleaning field stations, barns, attics, or storage areas
    • Maintenance personnel working in crawl spaces or unused buildings 
    • Campers or students working in remote or rural field locations 
    Recognizing Hantavirus Symptoms 

    Symptoms typically appear 1–6 weeks after exposure and may include: 

    • High fever (101–104°F) 
    • Muscle aches, chills, and headache 
    • Abdominal, joint, or back pain 
    • Nausea and vomiting 
    • Difficulty breathing due to fluid in the lungs 

    Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) can be fatal. If symptoms develop after potential exposure, seek immediate medical care and inform your provider of the rodent exposure. 

    Prevention Measures

    Rodent Elimination 

    • Use snap traps baited with peanut butter for at least one week
    • Treat affected areas for fleas as needed
    • Use tamper-resistant bait stations in accordance with UC policy

    Disposal Protocol

    • Spray rodents and contaminated materials with disinfectant before handling
    • Use gloves or an inverted plastic bag to handle carcasses
    • Seal waste in a plastic bag and dispose of in a rodent proof container

    Safe Cleaning Practices

    Before entering a rodent infested area: 

    • Air out the area for at least 30 minutes
    • Wear gloves, eye protection, N95 or P100 mask, and protective clothing

    For Cleaning

    • Use a bleach solution (1 part bleach to 9 parts water) or an EPA registered disinfectant
    • Spray all contaminated materials before and after handling — do not sweep or vacuum
    • Mop floors, disinfect hard surfaces, and wash bedding/clothing in hot water
    UCR Fieldwork Safety Guidelines 
    • Attend EH&S Field Safety & Hantavirus Awareness Training
    • Wear HEPA-filtered respirators in enclosed or high-risk rodent areas (contact EH&S medical clearance and for fitting)
    • Decontaminate reusable PPE and equipment after field use
    • Do not eat, drink, or touch your face when handling rodents or cleaning traps
    Working with Laboratory and Wild Rodents
    • Lab colonies of deer mice must test negative for hantavirus and be re-tested regularly (check with your facility veterinarian)
    • Do not mix wild-caught mice with lab-reared colonies
    • Isolate wild-caught rodents until cleared by testing
    • Field biologists must treat wild deer mice as potentially infected and wear EH&S-approved HEPA respirators when handling or cleaning
    When cleaning rodent-infested structures
    • Wear a fitted HEPA respirator and gloves
    • Ventilate the structure for at least 24 hours
    • Thoroughly spray all surfaces with disinfectant
    • Disinfect gloves before removal and wash hands afterward
    • Avoid sleeping in contaminated areas
    Need Help or More Information?

    Contact Occupational Health:
    📧 ehsocchealth@ucr.edu
    📞 (951) 827-9902
    🌐 ehs.ucr.edu/occupational-health (link opens in a new tab)

    Resource: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome - CDPH

  • Herpesvirus

    Viruses and viral vectors have become a staple of the molecular biology community. As such, it is important for users to understand the origins of these tools and potential implications of their use. Read "Working with Viral Vectors: Herpesvirus" to learn more on virology, clinical features, epidemiology, treatment, laboratory hazards, Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE), disinfection, instructions in the event of an exposure, and use with animals.

    Working with Viral Vectors: Herpesvirus (link opens in a new tab)

  • Lentiviral Vectors

    Lentiviral vectors are based on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which is the virus responsible for the development of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Lentiviruses are a subclass of retroviruses which can infect both proliferating and non-proliferating cells. Lentiviral vectors have been modified to provide a safer version of the HIV virus in which the viral replication genes have been removed. During infection, there is a possibility that the lentivirus may convert to a replication competent state. Although this scenario is highly unlikely, monitoring for such a possibility is encouraged, since such a conversion could compromise laboratory safety.

    Read "Working with Lentiviral Vectors and Post Exposure Plan (PEP)" to learn more on the modes of transmission, laboratory hazards, signs and symptoms, prophylaxis, PPE, decontamination, special handling procedures, and reporting exposure incidents. 

    Working with Lentiviral Vectors and Post Exposure Plan (PEP) (link opens in a new tab)

     

  • Listeria monocytogenes

    The Exposure Response Plan for Laboratory Handling of Listeria monocytogenes provides comprehensive guidance for the safe management, containment, and emergency response to potential laboratory exposures involving Listeria monocytogenes. This plan outlines health risks, exposure routes, and response procedures, including immediate first aid, medical evaluation, and reporting protocols. It also emphasizes protective measures for high-risk individuals—particularly pregnant and immunocompromised workers—and details institutional requirements for training, biosafety practices, and documentation.

    Exposure Response Plan for Laboratory Handling of Listeria (link opens in a new tab)

  • Mycobacterium marinum

    Mycobacterium marinum is found in soil, water, and biofilms, and causes skin and soft tissue infections. It enters through cuts or abrasions, often from fish tanks or aquatic environments. No person-to-person transmission has been reported.

    Laboratory Hazards & Controls
    • Routes: Aerosols, mucous membrane contact, ingestion, contaminated sharps
    • Disinfectants: 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde, 5% phenol, 1% sodium hypochlorite
    • PPE: Lab coats, gloves, eye protection
    • Best Practices:
      • Use BSL-2 procedures
      • Conduct splash-generating tasks in a certified BSC
      • Wear gloves when handling fish/water
      • Wash hands regularly and avoid personal item use during procedures
    High-Risk Individuals
    • Immunocompromised
    • Individuals with open wounds
    Immediate Action by Route of Exposure (UCR Protocol)

    Needlestick, Animal Bite, or Laceration:

    Immediately wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and running water. Do not apply disinfectants or alcohol to broken skin.

    Mucous Membranes (Eyes, Nose, Mouth):

    If exposure occurs via splash or spray:

    • Eyes – Flush with clean water at an eyewash station for 10–15 minutes.
    • Mouth – Rinse out thoroughly without swallowing. Repeat rinse if needed.
    • Nose – Blow nose gently and wash external area with water if appropriate.

    Inhalation:

    If potentially contaminated materials were aerosolized:

    • Rinse mouth twice with water and spit. Do not swallow.
    • Leave the area and report to your supervisor.
    After First Aid

    All suspected exposures related to research activities must be reported immediately to UCR's EH&S at 951-827-5528 and to the Campus Biosafety Officer via biosafety@ucr.edu.

    Employees and students should also contact Occupational Health at 951-827-8220 for medical consultation and follow-up.

    If exposure involves Mycobacterium marinum, treating medical providers should be informed. The typical incubation period is 14–21 days, and symptomatic individuals should be evaluated and tested accordingly.

    For after-hours exposure: nearest urgent care or ER 

    • Inform provider of possible M. marinum exposure (incubation 14–21 days)

    Medical Follow-Up & Testing

    • Symptomatic individuals may need a culture to confirm infection
    • Treatment is based on clinical evaluation and lab confirmation

    UCR Reporting Protocol

    • Complete Supervisor Incident Report via Work Related injury 
    • EH&S Incident Report 
    • Employees Seek Medical Treatment 
    • Students should also notify or visit Student Health Services at  951-827-3031

    Final Reminders

    • All personnel must be trained in relevant biosafety practices
    • PIs must ensure all team members understand zoonotic risks and infection signs
    References:
    Need Help or More Information?

    Contact Occupational Health:
    📧 ehsocchealth@ucr.edu
    📞 (951) 827-9902
    🌐 ehs.ucr.edu/occupational-health (link opens in a new tab)

  • Streptococcus pneumoniae

    The Exposure Response Plan for Laboratory Handling of Streptococcus pneumoniae outlines essential biosafety procedures and medical response protocols for individuals working with this organism in a laboratory setting. This document provides comprehensive guidance on risk assessment, containment practices, personal protective equipment (PPE), incident reporting, and emergency response procedures to ensure a safe research environment. It serves as an important reference for maintaining compliance with institutional biosafety and occupational health standards.

    Exposure Response Plan for Laboratory Handling of Streptococcus pneumoniae (link opens in a new window)

     

  • Toxoplasmosis

    Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that can infect many animals, including humans. It belongs to a larger group of parasites that are collectively called "coccidia". Toxoplasma occurs worldwide — an estimated 30% of all human beings have been infected by Toxoplasma gondii at some point in their lives.

    Most infections are silent and have no ill effect on the patient. Occasionally, Toxoplasma gondii infections can be devastating. If a woman who has not previously been infected with Toxoplasma gondii becomes infected while she is pregnant, there is no significant chance that the organism will produce severe neurological damage in the developing fetus. Toxoplasma gondii is also a special risk in the case of individuals that may have weakened immune systems such as individuals receiving cancer or transplant therapy or individuals that are positive for HIV.

    To learn more about understanding, preventing, and diagnosing Toxoplasmosis and how to protect yourself and your loved ones, visit our website Toxoplasmosis and Safety Precautions for Working with Toxoplasma gondii for more information.

    Need Help or More Information?

    Contact Occupational Health:
    📧 ehsocchealth@ucr.edu
    📞 (951) 827-9902
    🌐 ehs.ucr.edu/occupational-health (link opens in a new tab)

UCR Animal Researchers Occupational Health Guidance for Researchers